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Oct 252008
 

While I’ve been busy editing and writing and getting the yard ready for next spring, a number of good Thinking-Meat type stories have appeared in the media. So without further ado, here’s a selection of links to articles for your weekend reading pleasure.

Slate examines the moral and social dimensions of the evolutionary psychology behind why people get huffy, with the obligatory tie-in to the presidential campaign.

In an opinion piece in the New York Times, a neuroscientist and a science writer note some of the ways our brains mislead us, describing several studies that illustrate how the line between misinformation and truth becomes blurred in the brain (again with a campaign tie-in).

Scientific American has published this article by Carl Zimmer about the search for links between genes and intelligence. (Note: Lest you think you’re going crazy, I’ll reassure you now by telling you that yes, the even-numbered pages do seem to be duplicates of their respective preceding odd-numbered pages. I don’t know why, but it’s free current content from Scientific American, so I won’t complain.)

Zimmer is evidently a busy man; here’s another article from him in Discover Magazine about the emotional importance of human facial expressions.

This next article, from the Telegraph, is about a month old, but somehow it slipped past my radar at the time. It describes experiments in which crows outperformed great apes in transferring a learned skill from one situation to another.

And finally, something a bit more speculative but certainly intriguing, another article from the Telegraph discusses some new research into whether television and movies affect whether we dream in color. There’s some evidence that people who grew up with black-and-white media may be more inclined to dream in black and white than those who grew up with color TV and movies.

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Aug 282008
 

Why, you might ask, should you not offend a crow? (Other than the fact that they’re smart [and smart-ass] birds who deserve a little respect, that is.) Well, the crow may remember your face and hassle you every time you show it in his vicinity. Furthermore, he may alert other crows to the fact that you’re a dangerous element, and they may hassle you too. This New York Times article describes the work of John Marzluff of the University of Washington, who has established that crows and other corvids recognize individual human faces. His experimental procedure involved masks that were used to isolate facial recognition from other unique aspects of humans appearance such as dress or gait. Some of the masks were initially worn only by people who were catching and banding crows (which made them bad guys, as far as the crows were concerned), and others only by people who were going about their business without bothering the birds. Later, when people wearing either a bad-guy mask or a neutral mask walked around on campus not pestering the birds, the crows heckled those in the bad-guy masks more than they did those in the neutral masks. In one case, a professor wearing the bad-guy mask got a reaction from more crows than had originally seen the capture and banding that had earned the face its bad reputation, indicating that the birds were learning from each other which hominids were less than desirable. It’s a pretty cool story, and if you want more, you can read one of Marzluff’s papers.

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Mar 312008
 

This story from New Scientist describes the latest news about the intelligence of birds in the crow family, in this case rooks. Pairs of birds were able to figure out the cooperative behavior needed to get food. The setup involved a tray of food that was visible but inaccessible to the birds; a string ran behind the tray with a loose end extending on either side of the tray. If a bird pulled on one loose end, he simply pulled the string out from behind the tray; if he got a buddy to simultaneously pull on the other end, however, they could jointly pull the tray out and get the food. They figured it out without too much training when another bird was around, but they didn’t seem to get the hang of waiting for a partner to help. When another bird was on the way but delayed, a lone bird would generally pull on the string by itself and lose the chance to get the food. This differs from chimp behavior; chimpanzees can both solve problems like this and also understand that they need to wait for a partner to help them. It’s still too early to say why chimps get that aspect of it and the rooks don’t seem to. It may be linked to the fact that interactions between mature crows are fairly limited, so their social instincts are not as finely honed as those of animals that interact more. At any rate, it’s cool, as always, to see smart birds learning the ropes. The New Scientist article includes a video.

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Oct 052007
 

New Caledonian crows are known to use tools; I recently posted something about a study in which they figured out a two-step process to get at some food. Studying their tool use in the wild is a little more challenging, but a tail-mounted camera is helping researchers observe the birds’ natural behavior relatively non-invasively. The lightweight tailcam will transmit up to 70 minutes of observations, and is shed with the bird’s tailfeathers during the next molt. This article from New Scientist gives more details about the camera, and this video shows some of the resulting observations. (The camera rides along under the tail and below the belly, so the view is a little odd, especially when the bird is flying. When the bird bends his head to interact with something on the ground, though, you get an idea of what he’s up to.)

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Aug 162007
 

New Caledonian crows are a fascinating species. The corvids tend to be relatively smart birds anyway (some people think they’re smarter than most people; Henry Beecher said “If men had wings and bore black feathers, few of them would be clever enough to be crows”). New Caledonian crows, native to several south Pacific islands, are particularly clever tool-makers, fashioning twigs and leaves into bug-gathering utensils that are among the most complex animal-made tools known. Research suggests that their tool-making abilities extend to adapting existing tools for new uses, and sharing these innovations with each other.

Some recent research at the University of Auckland shows that these crows can perform problem-solving feats more typical of great apes and humans than of other animals. They apparently reason by analogy that if they can use a tool to get at food, when the situation requires it they can use one tool to get at another tool that will then allow them to access the food. When a piece of meat was placed out of the birds’ reach in a container, the birds were given a short stick–too short to reach the meat–and a longer stick that would do the job but that was not immediately accessible. Right away they figured out that if they used the shorter stick to poke the longer stick into reach, they could then use the longer stick to get the food. This article from the BBC has more information and also a video showing one of the birds solving the problem and getting the meat. Thanks to Tom for sending this story my way.

If you want to learn more about New Caledonian crows, you might enjoy the University of Auckland’s New Caledonian crow page (source of the Beecher quote above) and the crow tool use page maintained by the Behavioural Ecology Research Group at Oxford. The Wikipedia page on New Caledonian crows looks pretty good too.

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Not bird-brains

 Animal behavior  Comments Off
Apr 232007
 

I’ve always been amused by the rowdy wise-guy behavior of crows, and I greatly enjoyed David Quammen’s essay explaining bad-boy crows as classic cases of bright under-achievers who get into trouble because they’re bored. (The essay is called “Has success spoiled the crow?” and it’s in Quammen’s book Natural Acts.) This article from Spiegel Online describes some of the signs of intelligence exhibited by ravens, another and perhaps even brighter corvid.

I was particularly interested in the explanation for why ravens are so smart. Evidently blind instinct, which works so well for some other animals, would not do a raven much good, because it needs to be flexible in adapting to a variety of scavenging situations. They need to outwit the carnivores whose prey they appropriate for themselves (and who could eat them without much hesitation), and they need to outwit each other in hiding their stash of meat. Thus there is good reason for them to have developed the ability to understand what another animal is thinking. The article also describes some lab experiments that tested ravens’ problem-solving ability; the ravens did quite well. The next question to be addressed is how broadly they can apply their skills–i.e., whether they can use their intelligence outside of the context of getting and keeping food.

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Dec 012005
 

Science writier David Quammen wrote an excellent essay called “Has success spoiled the crow?”, in which he describes crows as bright underachievers who lack scope for their intelligence and hence can get themselves into trouble–kind of like bright underachieving humans. (The essay appears in his book Natural Acts.) I enjoyed this essay, in part because I have always had a soft spot in my heart for crows and am fascinated by their behavior. I know many people think they’re a nuisance, but from all I’ve heard they’re smart and interesting birds. A new book, In the Company of Crows and Ravens, examines not only their intelligence and their ability to learn new behaviors from each other, but also their relationship to humans, and their influence on our culture and history. I ran across this review from Zoogoer; I’m looking forward to reading this book as soon as I can get my hands on a copy.

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2005/6/Books_naturally_ND_05.cfm

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Sep 052005
 

A few days ago I pointed to an essay by David Barash about how humans are not alone in the capacity for violence against their own kind. He was arguing against the kind of thinking that claims that humans are uniquely depraved and the rest of nature is much kinder. The other side of the coin is the people who think that we humans are uniquely mentally sophisticated compared to the rest of the animals. It’s slowly becoming plain that other animals can learn new things and teach them to others (like the whales I wrote about yesterday, among othes) and also can understand to some degree what’s in another’s mind. Here’s an article from the New York Times that describes recent work with ravens that shows that they understand what other ravens are thinking well enough to practice deception. There’s some other raven research results here and also a discussion of how humans are not so mentally special after all, both in comparison to other animals and also in comparison to artificially “intelligent” devices. I’m more easily convinced on the former than the latter, but it’s all interesting reading. Site requires free registration.

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/04/magazine/04IDEA.html?pagewanted=all

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